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Xanthones
Research
from Around the
World
Demonstrate the
Potent Antioxidant
Power of the
Mangosteen Fruit in
XanGo!
I've reviewed these
selections of
xanthones research articles
for you and
condensed the main
conclusions in easy
to read format
without much
technical jargon,
yet keeping the
integrity of the
medical findings
intact. Bear in mind
this is just a
sampling of xanthones research.
Natives of Asia used
the mangosteen fruit
for hundreds of
years to heal a
variety of medical
sicknesses and
ailments. They
had no clue of the
nature of the active
ingredients in their
concoctions of this
miraculous fruit.
Now, with the
extensive mangosteen
xanthones research
done worldwide, we
now know why those
poultices and
potions were so
effective in
treating so many
medical sicknesses
and ailments and
endured the test of
centuries.
Narace D. Seudeal,
Ph.D.
1) Antiproliferation,
antioxidation and
induction of
apoptosis by Garcinia
mangostana (mangosteen)
on SKBR3 human
breast cancer cell
line.
J Ethnopharmacol.
2004
Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P,
Kosem N, Kaslungka
S, Luanratana O,
Pongpan N, Neungton N.Department of
Microbiology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University,
Sri Ayudthaya Road,
Rajdhevee, Bangkok
10400, Thailand. pypmk@mahidol.ac.th
These investigators
found that an
extract from the pericarp of the
mangosteen fruit inhibited the
growth of breast
cancer cells. They
also showed that the
extract had potent antioxidant and
cancer cell death
properties. They
concluded that the
extract from the
pericarp of the
mangosteen fruit has
potential for
chemoprevention.
2)
Induction of
apoptosis by xanthones from
mangosteen in human
leukemia cell lines.
Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E,
Ohguchi K, Ito T,
Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu
International
Institute of
Biotechnology, 1-1
Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara,
Gifu 504-0838,
Japan. kmatsumoto@giib.or.jp
These authors
examined the effects
of six xanthones
extracted from the
pericarps of
the mangosteen
fruit, Garcinia
mangostana, on the
cell growth
inhibition of human
leukemia cell line
HL60. All xanthones
displayed growth
inhibitory effects.
Among them, alpha-mangostin
(a xanthone) showed
the most potent
ability to cause the
cancer cells death.
3)
Antimycobacterial
activity of
prenylated xanthones
from the fruits of Garcinia
mangostana.
Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo). 2003
Jul;51(7):857-9.
Suksamrarn S,
Suwannapoch N,
Phakhodee W,
Thanuhiranlert J, Ratananukul P,
Chimnoi N,
Suksamrarn A. Department of
Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok,
Thailand. sunit@swu.ac.th
Xanthones, isolated
from the fruit hulls
and the edible arils
and seeds of
Garcinia mangostana,
mangosteen fruit,
were tested for
their antituberculosis
potential. The
investigators found
alpha- and beta-mangostins
and garcinone B
exhibited strong
inhibitory effect
against
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (TB).
4)
Garcinone E, a
xanthone derivative,
has potent cytotoxic
effect against the patocellular
carcinoma cell
lines. Planta Med. 2002
Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL,
Chen CC. Department of
Medical Research &
Education, Veterans
General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
Treatment of
hepatocellular
carcinomas (liver
cancer) with
chemotherapy has
generally been
disappointing and it
is most desirable to
have more effective
new drugs. The
investigators
extracted and
purified 6 xanthone
compounds from the
rinds (peel) of the
fruit of Garcinia
mangostana,
mangosteen fruit. The
investigators tested
this extract on 14
different human
liver cancer cell
lines. Several
chemotherapeutic
agents (drugs) were
included in the
study for
comparison. The
results showed that
one of the xanthone
derivatives which
could be identified
as garcinone E has
potent cytotoxic
effect (kill cells)
on all liver cancer
cell lines as well
as on the other
gastric and lung
cancer cell lines
included in the
screen. The
investigators
suggested that
garcinone E may be
potentially useful
for the treatment of
certain types of
cancer.
5)
Inhibitions of
histamine release
and prostaglandin E2
synthesis by
mangosteen, a
Thai medicinal
plant.
Biol Pharm Bull.
2002
Sep;25(9):1137-41. Nakatani K,
Atsumi M, Arakawa T,
Oosawa K, Shimura S,
Nakahata N, Ohizumi Y. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Molecular Biology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku
University, Sendai,
Japan.
The fruit hull of
mangosteen, Garcinia
mangostana L.,
mangosteen fruit, has
been used as a Thai
indigenous medicine
for many years.
However, its
mechanism of action
as a medicine has
not been elucidated.
The present study
was undertaken to
examine the effects
of mangosteen
fruit extracts on
histamine release
and prostaglandin E2
synthesis. The
investigators found
the mangosteen
fruit extract strongly
inhibited histamine
release and
prostaglandin E2
synthesis. This has
great importance in
preventing
allergies.
6)
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and
prostaglandin E2
synthesis by gamma-mangostin,
a xanthone
derivative in
mangosteen, in C6
rat glioma cells.
Biochem
Pharmacol. 2002 Jan
1;63(1):73-9. Nakatani K,
Nakahata N, Arakawa
T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi
Y. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Molecular Biology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku
University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578,
Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of
mangosteen
fruit, Garcinia
mangostana L., has
been used for many
years as a medicine
for treatment of
skin infection,
wounds, and diarrhea
in Southeast Asia.
In the present
study, the
investigators
studied the effect
of gamma-mangostin,
a xanthone contained
in
the mangosteen
fruit,
and showed it had a
potent inhibitory
activity of
prostaglandin E2
(PGE2) release.
7)
Immunopharmacological
activity of
polysaccharide from
the pericarp of mangosteen
garcinia: phagocytic
intracellular
killing activities.
J Med
Assoc Thai. 1997
Sep;80 Suppl 1:S149-54. Chanarat P,
Chanarat N, Fujihara
M, Nagumo T. Department of
Clinical Microscopy,
Faculty of
Associated Medical Sciences,
Chiang Mai
University,
Thailand.
Polysaccharides from
the pericarps of
mangosteen, Garcinia
mangostana Linn.,
mangosteen fruit,
were extracted from
the dried ground pericarps of the
mangosteen fruit.
The results showed
that the number of
S. enteritidis
(bacteria) in
cultured monocyte
with extract of
the pericarp of
the mangosteen
fruit was
killed. This paper
showed that
polysaccharides in
the extract can
stimulate phagocytic
cells
to kill
intracellular
bacteria (S. enteritidis).
8)
Histaminergic
and serotonergic
receptor blocking
substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta
Med. 1996
Oct;62(5):471-2. Chairungsrilerd
N, Furukawa K, Ohta
T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi
Y.
The investigators
studied an extract
of the fruit hull of
Mangosteen, Garcinia
mangostana L.,
mangosteen fruit.
On the
basis of
pharmacological
data, they
determined that
alpha-mangostin and
gamma-mangostin (xanthones
in mangostana) are a
histaminergic and a
serotonergic
receptor blocking
agent,
respectively. That
is, they have the
ability to prevent
allergies and
inflammation.
9)
Inhibition of
lipoprotein
oxidation by prenylated xanthones
derived from mangostin.
Free Radic Res.
2000
Nov;33(5):643-59. Mahabusarakam
W, Proudfoot J,
Taylor W, Croft K. Chemistry
Department, Prince
of Songkla
University, Hat Yai,
Thailand.
Oxidative damage is
thought to play a
critical role in
cardiovascular and
other chronic
diseases. This has
led to considerable
interest in the
antioxidant activity
of dietary
compounds. The
researchers have
previously shown
that the xanthone,
mangostin
(found in mangosteen
fruit), can
inhibit the
oxidation of
LDL, low
density lipoprotein
(bad cholesterol).
Researchers studied
more xanthone
derived compounds
and found enhanced
antioxidant
activities. Note:
If the oxidation of
LDL cholesterol can
be prevented or
inhibited, then the
LDL-cholesterol
cannot exert its
“bad” effect and
cause heart disease.
10)
Plant-derived
leading compounds
for chemotherapy of
human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
infection.
Planta Med.
1998
Mar;64(2):97-109. Vlietinck AJ,
De Bruyne T, Apers
S, Pieters LA. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University
of Antwerp (UA), Belgium. vlietink@uta.ua.ac.be
The investigators
showed many
compounds of plant
origin have been
identified that
inhibit different
stages in the
replication cycle of
human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). Among
these compounds, the
xanthone mangostin,
derived from
mangosteen
fruit, was
shown to inhibit the
replication cycle of
HIV.
11)
Novel types
of receptor
antagonists from the
medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana [Article in Japanese]
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi.
1997 Oct;110 Suppl
1:153P-158P. Furukawa K, Chairungsrilerd N,
Ohta T, Nozoe S,
Ohizumi Y. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Molecular Biology,
Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku
University, Sendai,
Japan.
Here the researchers
used a crude extract
of the fruit hull of
Garcinia mangostana
L,
mangosteen fruit. On the basis of
physicochemical
data, the active
substances were
identified as alpha-mangostin
and gamma-mangostin
in the crude
extract. The
researchers found
that alpha-Mangostin
and gamma-mangostin
may become novel
types of lead
compounds for
histamine and
serotonin receptor
antagonists (fight
allergies and
inflammation).
12)
Pharmacological
properties of alpha-mangostin,
a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist.
Eur J Pharmacol.
1996 Oct
31;314(3):351-6. Chairungsrilerd N,
Furukawa K, Ohta T,
Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Molecular Biology,
Faculty of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku
University, Sendai,
Japan.
Researchers found
that alpha-mangostin
(found in the
mangosteen fruit)
blocked the binding
of histamine to its
receptors (fight
allergies and
inflammation).
13)
Antibacterial
activity of xanthones from
guttiferaeous plants
against
methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus.
J Pharm
Pharmacol. 1996
Aug;48(8):861-5. Iinuma M,
Tosa H, Tanaka T,
Asai F, Kobayashi Y,
Shimano R, Miyauchi
K. Department of Pharmacognosy, Gifu
Pharmaceutical
University, Japan.
The investigators
showed that extracts
of Garcinia
mangostana,
mangosteen fruit,
possessed inhibitory
effects against the
growth of S. aureus
(staph bacteria).
The strong in-vitro
antibacterial
activity of xanthone
derivatives against
both methicillin-resistant
and methicillin
sensitive
Staphylococcus
aureus suggests the
compounds might find
wide pharmaceutical
use.
14)
Active
constituents against
HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med.
1996
Aug;62(4):381-2. Chen SX, Wan
M, Loh BN.
The investigators
found that an
extract of Garcinia
mangostana L.,
mangosteen fruit,
showed potent
inhibitory activity
against HIV-1
protease which
affects the
replication of HIV.
15)
Mangostin
inhibits the
oxidative
modification of
human low density
lipoprotein.
Free Radic Res.
1995
Aug;23(2):175-84. Williams P, Ongsakul M,
Proudfoot J, Croft
K, Beilin L. University of
Western Australia,
Department of
Medicine, Royal
Perth Hospital,
Australia.
The oxidation of low
density lipoprotein
(LDL) may play an
important role in
atherosclerosis. The
researchers
investigated the
possible antioxidant
effects of mangostin,
isolated from
Garcinia mangostana
(found in mangosteen
fruit),
on the oxidation of
human LDL (bad
cholesterol). From
these results, they
concluded that
mangostin is acting
as a free radical
scavenger (“mop up”
sponge) to protect
the LDL from
oxidative damage in
this in vitro
system.
In other words, it a
potent antioxdiant.
16)
Alpha-mangostin
induces
Ca(2+)-ATPase-dependent
apoptosis via
mitochondrial
pathway in PC12
cells.
J Pharmacol Sci.
2004
May;95(1):33-40. Sato A,
Fujiwara H, Oku H,
Ishiguro K, Ohizumi
Y. Department of
Pharmaceutical
Molecular Biology,
Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai,
Japan.
The researchers
investigated the
cell death effects
of eight xanthones
on pheochromocytoma
(cancer) cells.
Among these
compounds, alpha-mangostin,
from the fruit hull
of Garcinia
mangostana L.
(mangosteen fruit), had
the most potent
effect with
apoptosis (death) of
these cells.
17)
Relationship
between protective
effect of xanthone
on endothelial cells
and endogenous nitric
oxide synthase
inhibitors.
Bioorg Med
Chem. 2003 Nov
17;11(23):5171-7. Jiang DJ, Hu
GY, Jiang JL, Xiang
HL, Deng HW, Li YJ. Department of
Pharmacology, School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Central South
University, Changsha
410078, China.
The researchers
found that xanthone
preserved
endothelial cells
inhibited the
increased adhesion
of monocytes to
endothelial cells
induced by oxidized
LDL. This is
especially important
in preventing plaque
formation and the
subsequent blockage
of arteries
and heart disease.
18)
Xanthones as
inhibitors of growth
of human cancer cell
lines and their effects on
the proliferation of
human lymphocytes in
vitro.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2002
Dec;10(12):3725-30. Pedro M, Cerqueira F, Sousa
ME, Nascimento MS,
Pinto M. Centro de Estudos de Quimica
Organica,
Fitoquimica e
Farmacologia da Universidade
do Porto, Faculdade
de Farmacia, Porto,
Portugal. madalena@ff.up.pt
Twenty-seven
xanthones were
assessed for their
capacity to inhibit
the in vitro the growth
of three human
cancer cell lines,
(breast cancer,
renal cancer,
melanoma).
Inhibition of growth
of these cancer cell
lines depended on
the type of xanthone
used in the study.
19)
Xanthones
from the green fruit
hulls of Garcinia
mangostana.
J Nat
Prod. 2002
May;65(5):761-3. Suksamrarn S,
Suwannapoch N,
Ratananukul P,
Aroonlerk N,
Suksamrarn A. Department of
Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Srinakharinwirot
University, Bangkok
10110, Thailand. sunit@psm.swu.ac.th
Researchers isolated
three new xanthones,
mangostenol (1),
mangostenone A (2),
and mangostenone B
(3), from the green
fruit hulls of
Garcinia mangostana,
mangosteen fruit.
NB: There are about
200 naturally
occurring xanthones.
The mangosteen fruit
(mangostana garcina)
possesses 40 of
these xanthones with
even more being
discovered via
research.
20)
Antihypertensive and vasorelaxing
activities of
synthetic xanthone
derivatives.
Bioorg
Med Chem. 2002
Mar;10(3):567-72. Wang LW, Kang
JJ, Chen IJ, Teng
CM, Lin CN. School of
Pharmacy, Kaohsiung
Medical University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, ROC.
The researchers
studied a series of
xanthones and
related compounds.
The antihypertensive
(against high blood
pressure) and
vasorelaxing
(relaxing of the
blood vessels to
prevent high blood
pressure) activity
of compounds on
cardiovascular
system was
evaluated. All the
compounds tested
exhibited effective
hypotensive
(lower blood
pressure) activity
in anesthetized
rats.
21)
Antidiabetic
activity of a
xanthone compound,
mangiferin.
Phytomedicine.
2001 Mar;8(2):85-7. Miura T, Ichiki H, Hashimoto
I, Iwamoto N, Kato
M, Kubo M, Ishihara
E, Komatsu Y,
Okada M, Ishida T, Tanigawa K. Suzuka
University of
Medical Science, Mie,
Japan.
Mangiferin, a
xanthone, lowered
the blood glucose
(sugar) level in
type II diabetic
mice. From these
findings, it seems
likely that
mangiferin exerts
its antidiabetic
activity by
decreasing insulin
resistance.
22)
Antiplatelets
activity of some
xanthone
derivatives.
Acta Pol Pharm.
1999
Jul-Aug;56(4):319-24. Rajtar G,
Zolkowska D,
Kleinrok Z, Marona
H. Department of
Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Medical
University School, Lublin,
Poland.
Researchers studied
the effects of
twelve xanthone
derived compounds on
platelet
aggregation. They
found five of them
inhibited
thrombin-induced
platelet aggregation
(clot formation).
23)
Chiral
2-amino-1-butanol
xanthone derivatives
as potential
antiarrhythmic and hypotensive agents.
Acta Pol Pharm.
1999
Jan-Feb;56(1):87-90. Librowski T,
Czarnecki R,
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